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Optical Networks A Practical Perspective
The tremendous growth of bandwidth-intensive services such as the World Wide Web demonstrates the increase in performance that applications will demand from future networks. To meet this demand, optical networks are being deployed and are emerging as the next generation of high-capacity, multi-protocol networks. Engineers in communications and fiber optics, networking professionals, and graduate students in networking courses will benefit from this book's unique coverage of the systems aspect of optical networks.
Features:
* Provides a thorough presentation of the physical, architectural, and algorithmic issues of optimal network systems
* Covers both wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) and time-division multiplexed (TDM) networks as well as SONET
* Provides an in-depth treatment of the design of advanced optical fiber transmission systems
* Discusses management and control of optical networks
* Covers the important aspects of established and emerging standards
Table of Contents
Foreword
Chapter 1: Introduction to Optical Networks
1.1 Telecommunications Networks
1.2 First-Generation Optical Networks
1.3 Multiplexing Techniques
1.4 Second-Generation Optical Networks
1.4.1 Services
1.4.2 Transparency
1.4.3 Competing Technologies
1.4.4 WDM Architectures
1.4.5 The Optical Layer
1.4.6 OTDM Architectures
1.5 System and Network Evolution
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 2: Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber
2.1 Light Propagation in Optical Fiber
2.1.1 Geometrical Optics Approach
2.1.2 Wave Theory Approach
2.2 Lossand Bandwidth
2.3 Chromatic Dispersion
2.3.1 Chirped Gaussian Pulses
2.3.2 System Limitations
2.3.3 Controlling the Dispersion Profile
2.4 Nonlinear Effects
2.4.1 Self-Phase Modulation
2.4.2 Cross-Phase Modulation
2.4.3 Nonlinear Effects on Pulse Propagation (*)
2.4.4 SPM-induced Chirp for Gaussian Pulses
2.4.5 Four-Wave Mixing
2.5 Solitons
2.6 Soliton Pulse Propagation (*)
Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 3: Components
3.1 Couplers
3.2 Isolators and Circulators
3.3 Multiplexers and Filters
3.3.1 Gratings
3.3.2 Bragg Gratings
3.3.3 Fiber Gratings
3.3.4 Fabry-Perot Filters
3.3.5 Multilayer Dielectric Thin Film Filters
3.3.6 Mach-Zehnder Interferometers
3.3.7 Arrayed Waveguide Grating
3.3.8 Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter
3.4 Optical Amplifiers
3.4.1 Stimulated Emission
3.4.2 Spontaneous Emission
3.4.3 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers
3.4.4 Praseodymium Doped Fiber Amplifiers
3.4.5 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
3.4.6 Crosstalking SOAs
3.5 Transmitters
3.5.1 Lasers
3.5.2 Light Emitting Diodes
3.6 Detectors
3.6.1 Photodetectors
3.6.2 Frontend Amplifiers
3.7 Switches
3.7.1 Mechanical Switches
3.7.2 Electro-Optic Switches
3.7.3 Thermo-Optic Switches
3.7.4 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Switches
3.7.5 Large Switches
3.8 Wavelength Converters
3.8.1 Optoelectronic Approach
3.8.2 Optical Gating
3.8.3 Cross-Phase Modulation
3.8.4 Wave MixIng
Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 4: Modulation and Demodulation
4.1 Modulation
4.1.1 Signal Formats
4.2 Demodulation
4.2.1 An Ideal Receiver
4.2.2 A Practical Direction Detection Receiver
4.2.3 Frontend Amplifier Noise
4.2.4 APD Noise
4.2.5 Optical Preamplifiers
4.2.6 Bit Error Rates
4.2.7 Coherent Detection
Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 5: Transmission System Engineering
5.1 System Model
5.2 Power Penalty
5.3 Transmitter
5.4 Receiver
5.5 Optical Amplifiers
5.5.1 Gain Saturation
5.5.2 Gain Equalization
5.5.3 Amplifier Cascades
5.5.4 Power Transients and Automatic Gain Control
5.5.5 Optical Supervisory Channel
5.6 Crosstalk
5.6.1 Intrachannel Crosstalk
5.6.2 Interchannel Crosstalk
5.6.3 Crosstalkin Networks
5.6.4 Bidirectional Systems
5.6.5 Crosstalk Reduction
5.6.6 Cascaded Filters
5.7 Dispersion
5.7.1 Chromatic Dispersion Penalty
5.7.2 Single-Mode Fiber Types
5.7.3 Dispersion Compensation
5.7.4 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
5.8 Fiber Nonlinearities
5.8.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
5.8.2 Stimulated Raman Scattering
5.8.3 Four-Wave Mixing
5.8.4 Self/Cross Phase Modulation
5.8.5 Dispersion Management
5.9 Wavelength Stabilization
5.9.1 Dynamic Range Issues in Networks
5.10 OverallDesignConsiderations
5.10.1FiberType
5.10.2TransmitPowerandAmplifierSpacing
5.10.3 Interchannel Spacing and Number of Wavelengths
5.10.4All-OpticalNetworks
5.10.5WavelengthPlanning
5.10.6Transparency
Summary
Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 6: First-Gene
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